Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is the ethical and scientific standard that ensures the integrity, quality, and credibility of clinical trials. As a medical writer, mastering GCP is key to effectively communicating and reporting clinical trial findings and that’s why I prepared this course.
This in-depth course covers from ICH GCP E6 (R3) essentials to an immersive exploration of ICH GCP E3 (Step 5).
It is based upon the principles delineated in the ICH GCP E6 (R3) framework, tailored to serve as an educational solution to the needs of medical writers seeking to acquire a comprehensive understanding of Good Clinical Practice (GCP).
The course is crafted to provide you with a deep understanding of GCP principles, with a special focus on ICH GCP E6 (R3) for a solid introduction. We then take a detailed exploration into ICH GCP E3 (Step 5) and critical aspects of clinical trial documentation.
Of particular emphasis is the training’s targeted orientation toward the specific documents that medical writers are tasked with generating in strict accordance with GCP standards. This orientation is fortified by practical models and an interactive learning approach.
What you will learn in this course
- Understand the Foundations of GCP: Grasp the fundamental principles of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and its significance in the context of medical writing.
- Master ICH GCP E6 (R3) and E3: Explore the key concepts and requirements outlined in ICH GCP E6, focusing on how they impact the role of medical writers.
- In-Depth Exploration of ICH GCP E3: Take a detailed dive into ICH GCP E3, specifically focusing on Clinical Study Reports (CSRs).
- Enhance Clinical Writing Skills: Develop advanced skills in mw for clinical trials, ensuring clarity, accuracy, and adherence to regulatory guidelines.
- Stay Updated on Emerging Trends: Explore emerging trends and technologies in clinical research and medical writing, ensuring that you stay ahead in this field.
Key Sessions
- Introduction to GCP Principles E6 (R3)
- ICH GCP E6 (R3) – Key Concepts
- ICH GCP E3 – In-depth Analysis
- The Role of CSRs in Clinical Research
- CORE: stay updated with emerging trends
What you need to know before starting
- Knowledge of ICH GCP E6 (R2)
- Familiarity with medical terminology would be beneficial
- Basic understanding of clinical research
- This course is designed for both beginners looking to enter the field and experienced professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge in GCP for effective medical writing.
Disclaimer
It is worth noting, however, that this training does not confer an official certification, which, as per regulatory stipulations, necessitates biennial renewal. Such recertification is mandatory for all individuals engaged in clinical trial activities, particularly those interfacing directly with patients, such as coordinators, site personnel, and monitors.
Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that certain sponsors may mandate their own GCP training program, which could require participants to undertake it even if they possess a currently valid certification from another source.
A Beginner’s Guide
Interpreting and Reporting Statistical Information In Clinical Trials
When I first started my journey to become a medical writer, I had to learn many new things and among these, the most complex was expressing statistical results for different audiences in words and concepts.
Statistics results can be daunting to write, especially if you’re not a statistician.
A medical writer addresses many types of audiences: the general public, experts, doctors, or students. Each public has very different levels of understanding of medical concepts and very different abilities to listen and receive information. There are many different types of audiences that you may encounter when writing. It is important to identify the different types of audiences and how to tailor your writing for each.
The first type of audience is the general public. This type of audience is interested in the overall findings of the study and does not need a lot of technical details. When writing for this type of audience, it is important to be clear and concise.
The second type of audience is professionals in the field. This type of audience is interested in the specific details of the study and wants to know all the technical details. When writing for this type of audience, it is important to be thorough and include all relevant information.
The third type of audience is decision-makers. This type of audience wants to know how the findings can be used to make decisions. When writing for this type of audience, it is important to be clear about the implications of the findings and how they can be used in decision-making.
This is why translating statistical concepts and adapting them to your audience can be difficult and that’s why I created this course. By breaking down complex data into easily digestible pieces, readers can gain a better understanding of the material.
This course is an invaluable tool for those who need to write effective statistical reports that can reach a wide range of readers.
With this hands-on approach to writing, you can craft clear and concise clinical concepts that will have your audience captivated from start to finish. You can find it here.
Practical Hands-On Learning
With six comprehensive sessions comprising twenty-three lessons, students embark on a journey of discovery, exploring essential statistical concepts and honing their skills through practical exercises and quizzes.
Here you can find a series of examples ranging from summaries to the creation of slide decks that you can use to enrich your portfolio and demonstrate your skills. I then decided to include these practical examples in this Udemy course and the students loved them: I received a lot of positive comments and a rating above 4/5!
As I mentioned before, the course is based on six sessions with twenty-three lessons and only one hour of listening but there are more than ten practical exercises and three quizzes. It provides you with a hands-on approach to reporting clinical data.
By mastering essential statistical concepts and refining your medical writing skills, you’ll emerge equipped to communicate complex ideas with clarity and precision.
What will you learn?
- Essential statistical concepts for understanding and interpreting medical research
- Analysis of populations: intent-to-treat, per-protocol, safety-evaluable, worst-case scenarios
- Sensitivity analyses: exploring the robustness of findings
- Fundamental statistical measures: mean, median, mode, range, percentiles
- Interpretation of estimates, confidence intervals, probability, standard deviation, standard error of the mean, and p-values
- Practical application: sample size calculation and hands-on training
Prerequisites and Audience
This course is suitable for individuals with a STEM background or medical student level, requiring minimal understanding of basic statistics. No prior calculations are necessary; instead, a willingness to enhance medical writing skills is crucial. Whether you’re a beginner medical writer, a health journalist, or a medical student aiming to communicate statistical concepts effectively, this course is tailored to your aspirations.
Join Me Today!
Unlock the power of clear and engaging communication in medical writing. Enroll in my course today and embark on a journey to master the art of translating statistical concepts into compelling narratives. Elevate your medical writing skills and captivate your audience with clarity and precision.
I’m rather sceptical about the dissemination of advice in the medical field but thanks to social networks this type of information has spread to an extreme extent. The use of Doctor Google or Facebook groups for self-diagnosis, as well as the dissemination of information that is useless to the user or even downright harmful prompted me to write this article.
If you want to use internet or social media to have medical information, I have two tips for you:
1. Always read an article to the end and not just the title! (I know many people just take a quick view to the title. Let me tell you one thing, you are not saving time. Many titles are made to catch your attention but you get the true meaning of the article only if you read it!)
2. Make sure that the information comes from an official association that deals specifically and continuously with your problem. But, first of all, get a precise diagnosis from your doctor. This is the first concrete step to take in case you have any health problems.
And now let’s see how to evaluate if a piece of news is true or false! Enjoy the reading!
Introduction
Fake news in the medical field can have serious consequences, as it can lead to people making incorrect or harmful decisions about their health based on false information. It is important for people to be able to recognize fake news and to get their information from reliable sources.
One way to spot fake news is to check the source of the information. Look for articles that come from reputable sources, such as established news organizations, government agencies, or respected academic institutions. Be cautious of sources that have a biased or agenda-driven perspective, or that have a history of publishing false or misleading information.
Another way to spot fake news is to fact-check the information. Look for other sources that confirm or corroborate the information in the article. Check for errors or inconsistencies in the information. Use tools like Snopes or FactCheck.org to help verify the accuracy of the information.
It is also a good idea to be wary of sensational headlines or articles that seem too good (or too bad) to be true. These types of articles are often designed to grab attention and spread quickly, but they may not be based on accurate or reliable information.
Finally, be aware that fake news in the medical field is not limited to traditional news sources. It can also be spread through social media, forums, blogs, and other online platforms. It is important to use critical thinking skills and fact-check information that you come across online before sharing it with others.
There have been many examples of fake news in the medical field over the years
Here are a few examples of notable cases:
- Andrew Wakefield’s study linking the MMR vaccine to autism: In 1998, Dr. Andrew Wakefield published a study in The Lancet claiming that there was a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. The study was widely reported in the media and caused a significant drop in vaccination rates. However, the study has been thoroughly debunked and found to be fraudulent. The Lancet later retracted the study, and Wakefield was stripped of his medical license.
- The anti-vaccine movement: There is a persistent and widespread belief among some people that vaccines are harmful, despite overwhelming scientific evidence to the contrary. This belief is fed in part by fake news and misinformation about vaccines, which can spread quickly on social media and other online platforms.
- The hCG diet: The hCG diet involves injecting or orally consuming the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin in combination with a very low-calorie diet. The diet has been promoted as a way to lose weight quickly and has been the subject of numerous fake news articles. There is no scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of the HCG diet, and it can be dangerous due to the extreme calorie restriction.
- Miracle cures: There are many fake news articles and websites that promote unproven or miraculous cures for various diseases and conditions. These cures are often marketed as “natural” or “holistic” and can be dangerous if people stop seeking proper medical treatment in favour of these unproven remedies.
There are a few steps you can take to help detect fake news in the medical field
First of all check the source! As I said above, look for articles that come from reputable sources, such as established news organizations, government agencies, or respected academic institutions.
Here is a short list of things to keep in mind while reading news:
- Fact-check the information: Look for other sources that confirm or corroborate the information in the article. Check for errors or inconsistencies in the information. Use tools like Snopes or FactCheck.org to help verify the accuracy of the information.
- Beware of sensational headlines: Be wary of sensational headlines or articles that seem too good (or too bad) to be true. These types of articles are often designed to grab attention and spread quickly, but they may not be based on accurate or reliable information.
- Use critical thinking skills: Be sceptical of information that seems too good to be true, or that conflicts with what you know to be true based on your own research and knowledge. Use critical thinking skills to evaluate the information and consider the potential biases or agendas of the source.
- Seek out multiple sources: Don’t rely on just one source for your information. Look for information from multiple sources and compare the information to see if it is consistent.
- Consult with a healthcare professional: If you have questions about your health or are considering making a change to your healthcare routine, it is always a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional. They can provide you with reliable and accurate information and help you make informed decisions about your health.
Best websites to detect fake news in the medical field
There are several websites that can help you fact-check and verify the accuracy of information related to medicine and health. Some reliable sources include:
- PubMed: PubMed is a database of medical literature maintained by the National Institutes of Health. It contains millions of articles from scientific journals, making it a reliable source of information on medical topics.
- Snopes: Snopes is a fact-checking website that investigates and debunks myths and misinformation. It has a section dedicated to health and science, where you can find articles that fact-check and verify the accuracy of information related to medicine and health.
- FactCheck: is a non-partisan fact-checking website that is dedicated to checking the accuracy of claims made by politicians, public officials, and other organizations. It has a section on health-related claims, where you can find articles that fact-check and verify the accuracy of information related to medicine and health.
- Google offers an entire tool box to do factcheking, just use it!
I know it’s much easier to just sit on the sofa and ask Dr. Google for a quick solution, but if you have any medical issues, it would be better to see a doctor!
If you’re one of those who hate going to the doctor, know that you’re not alone. One of the many reasons why going to the doctor is not pleasant, besides the fact that the probability of receiving unwanted news is quite high and that many of us have the sensation of being on a roller coaster, one of the many reasons, I was saying, is that doctors use language that is often out of the ordinary, which causes us a sense of discomfort and inadequacy.
And no one likes to feel either sick or inadequate! This is why it is important to bring the medical language, the so-called jargon, closer to the common language. It’s true that sometimes you run the risk of oversimplifying, but here are some ways to simplify medical jargon without overdoing it! Enjoy the reading!
What is medical jargon?
Medical jargon is a specialized language used by healthcare professionals to communicate with each other. It often includes technical terms, abbreviations, and acronyms that may be unfamiliar to non-medical people. The use of medical jargon is prevalent in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare settings, and it is typically used to convey precise meanings and information quickly and efficiently. However, it can be confusing and intimidating for people who are not familiar with it. Healthcare professionals, able to explain medical terminology to their patients in a way that is easy for them to understand, have more chances to be successful in their profession.
3 Reasons to avoid medical jargon with patients
Medical jargon is pointless for several reasons. Firstly, medical jargon can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications, as the patients may not understand what their healthcare professionals are saying. This can be particularly problematic in situations where it is important for patients to fully understand their medical condition or treatment plan.
Secondly, the use of medical jargon can create barriers between patients and healthcare professionals. It can make patients feel like they are not being treated as equals or that their healthcare professionals are not fully invested in their care. This can lead to a lack of trust and a breakdown in the patient-doctor relationship.
Finally, the use of medical jargon can make it more difficult for patients to advocate for their own healthcare and make informed decisions about their treatment. It is important for patients to be able to fully understand their medical options and the potential risks and benefits of different treatments. When medical jargon is used, it can be more difficult for patients to have a full understanding of their situation and make informed decisions.
Overall, it is important to avoid medical jargon whenever possible and to explain medical terminology clearly and concisely to patients in a way that they can understand.
Here are five tips to improve your medical communications
1. Transform passive sentences into active sentences
An active sentence is generally considered to be better than a passive sentence because it is clearer, more direct, and more concise.
In an active sentence, the subject of the sentence is performing the action. For example: “The cat chased the mouse.” In this sentence, the cat (the subject) is performing the action of chasing.
In a passive sentence, the subject of the sentence is acted upon. For example: “The mouse was chased by the cat.” In this sentence, the mouse (the subject) is acted upon by the cat.
Active sentences are generally clearer and more concise because they focus on the subject and the action being performed. They also tend to be more direct and engaging because they put emphasis on the doer of the action. Passive sentences, on the other hand, can be less clear and wordier because they require additional words to indicate the doer of the action.
Overall, it is generally recommended to use active sentences whenever possible because they are clearer, more direct, and more concise.
Here are some examples that show the difference between passive and active sentences: do you spot the difference?
Passive: The patient’s blood pressure was measured by the nurse.
Active: The nurse measured the patient’s blood pressure.
Passive: The surgery was performed by the doctor.
Active: The doctor performed the surgery.
Passive: The medication was prescribed by the pharmacist.
Active: The pharmacist prescribed the medication.
Passive: The wound was dressed by the nurse.
Active: The nurse dressed the wound.
Passive: The specimen was analysed by the laboratory technician.
Active: The laboratory technician analysed the specimen.
2. Simplify the abstract concepts by using metaphors and images
That’s so vital! It really makes the difference while speaking and here is why: the human brain is constantly seeking to make sense of the world around us, and one way we do this is by simplifying complex or abstract concepts using metaphors and images.
Metaphors and images are powerful tools for understanding and communicating abstract concepts because they allow us to connect new ideas with something that is already familiar to us. For example, if we want to understand the concept of love, we might use the metaphor of a journey to describe the ups and downs of a relationship. By using this metaphor, we are able to connect the abstract concept of love with something that is more concrete and familiar, such as a journey.
Using metaphors and images to understand abstract concepts also helps us to think more creatively and to see things from different perspectives. When we use metaphors, we are forced to think about an abstract concept in a new way and to make connections between seemingly unrelated ideas. This can help us to gain a deeper understanding of the concept and to come up with new insights and ideas. Overall, it is necessary for the human brain to simplify abstract concepts using metaphors and images because it helps us to better understand and communicate these concepts, to think creatively and see things from different perspectives.
Here is a description of the neurons’ interconnections using a metaphor:
One way to think about the interconnections between neurons in the brain is to imagine a network of roads. Just as roads connect different cities and regions, neurons connect different areas of the brain. Just as roads can vary in size and function (for example, a major highway versus a small residential street), neurons can also vary in size and function. Some neurons may be responsible for transmitting information over long distances, while others may only connect nearby brain regions. Just as different roads may be used for different modes of transportation (such as cars, buses, and bicycles), different neurons may transmit different types of information (such as sensory input, motor commands, and memories). Finally, just as roads can have intersections and traffic signals to regulate the flow of vehicles, neurons can also have points of communication called synapses, where they can exchange information through the release and reception of chemical signals.
Can you see the image into your brain?
Here is a description of a cell using a metaphor:
One way to think about a cell is to imagine it as a tiny city. Just as a city has different neighbourhoods, a cell has different compartments called organelles. These organelles have specific functions, much like the different businesses and buildings in a city. For example, the cell’s “power plant” is the mitochondrion, which generates energy for the cell. The “recycling centre” is the lysosome, which breaks down and recycles waste materials. The “command centre” is the nucleus, which contains the cell’s genetic instructions. And the “transportation system” is the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which transport materials within the cell. Just as a city depends on the cooperation and coordination of its different parts to function effectively, a cell depends on the cooperation and coordination of its organelles to function effectively.
Can you figure it out?
Here is a description of the heart using a metaphor:
One way to think about the heart is to imagine it as a pump. Just as a pump moves water or other fluids through pipes, the heart pumps blood through a network of blood vessels called arteries and veins. The heart has four chambers: the left and right atria, and the left and right ventricles. The atria are the smaller, upper chambers of the heart that collect blood and send it to the ventricles. The ventricles are the larger, lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the rest of the body. Just as a pump has an intake and an output, the heart has valves that control the flow of blood and ensure that it moves in the correct direction. The heart also has its own “power source,” the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes, which generate the electrical impulses that coordinate the heart’s contractions. Overall, the heart’s function is essential for maintaining blood flow and delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues.
Did you notice something while reading it?
3. Use a simple definition instead of the abstract concept
Here are a few examples of how you can transform abstract medical words into active and concrete medical concepts:
Abstract: Anemia
Concrete: A condition in which there are not enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body’s tissues
Abstract: Hyperlipidemia
Concrete: A condition in which there are too many lipids (fats) in the blood, which can increase the risk of heart disease
Abstract: Tachycardia
Concrete: A fast heart rate, which can be a sign of stress, anxiety, or an underlying medical condition
Abstract: Edema
Concrete: Swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in the body’s tissues, which can be a sign of a medical condition such as kidney disease or heart failure.
4. Transform abstract medical words ending in -ion into active and concrete medical words or concepts
Here are a few examples of how you can transform abstract medical words ending in -ion into active and concrete medical concepts:
Abstract: Digestion
Concrete: The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body
Abstract: Excretion
Concrete: The process of removing waste products from the body, such as through urine or faeces.
Abstract: Hypotension
Concrete: Low blood pressure, which can cause dizziness and fainting.
5. Simplify the medical definitions
Medical definitions can be hard to understand, and patients or people not used to medical terms and concepts can find them difficult to understand.
Here are two examples of very complicated against very simple definitions of the same concepts:
A formal definition of catechins:
Catechins are a type of flavonoid, which is a class of compounds that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and are known for their antioxidant properties. Catechins are found in high concentrations in certain plant-based foods, particularly in tea, wine, and cocoa, and have been shown to have several potential health benefits. The chemical structure of catechins is complex, and they are composed of a variety of different chemical groups, including flavonoids, flavones, and flavonols, which all contribute to their unique biological properties. Catechins are thought to play a role in the prevention of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders, and they have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-viral effects.
A plain definition of catechins:
Catechins are a type of chemical found in plants that may have health benefits. They are often found in high amounts in tea, wine, and cocoa. Catechins are known for their antioxidant properties and may help prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer.
A formal definition of skin cancer:
Dermal neoplasia, more commonly known as skin cancer, is a malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells. There are three primary subtypes of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, while the most common forms of skin cancer, tend to be of lower virulence compared to melanoma. These subtypes typically manifest as small, pink or flesh-coloured growths on the skin and can be effectively treated if caught in the early stages of development. Conversely, melanoma is a more aggressive subtype of skin cancer that originates in the melanocytes, the cells responsible for pigment production in the skin. It may appear as a dark, asymmetrical mole or as a new skin lesion and can disseminate to other parts of the body if not treated expeditiously. It is important to protect the skin from solar radiation and to regularly examine the skin for any changes that may be indicative of dermal neoplasia. If any unusual changes are observed, it is crucial to consult a dermatologist for evaluation and treatment.
A plain definition of skin cancer:
Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when abnormal cells grow and divide uncontrollably in the skin. There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common types of skin cancer and tend to be less aggressive than melanoma. They usually appear as small, flesh-coloured or pink growths on the skin and can be cured if caught and treated early. Melanoma is a more aggressive type of skin cancer that begins in the cells that produce pigment in the skin. It can appear as a dark, unevenly shaped mole or as a new spot on the skin and can spread to other parts of the body if not treated promptly. Protect your skin from the sun and check your skin regularly for any changes that may be signs of skin cancer. If you notice any unusual changes, see a dermatologist for evaluation and treatment.
Can you spot the difference?
Conclusion
Here are a few tips for avoiding jargon in the medical field:
- Use plain language: Whenever possible, try to use language that is clear and easy to understand. For example, instead of saying “pulmonary embolism,” you could say “a blood clot in the lungs.”
- Define terms: If you do need to use a technical term, make sure to explain what it means. For example, you could say “a myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked.”
- Use examples: Providing an example or analogy can help make a concept more concrete and easier to understand. For example, instead of saying “intravenous,” you could say “a medicine or fluid given through a vein, like a saline solution given through an IV.”
- Avoid acronyms: Acronyms can be confusing, especially for people who are not familiar with them. Instead of using an acronym, spell out the full term.
- Ask for feedback: If you are not sure if your language is accessible, ask someone to read your materials or explain a concept to you. If they have difficulty understanding you, it may be a sign that you are using jargon or technical language that is not necessary.
Born to help women conceive, the main apps to manage female fertility are now also used as a contraceptive method by many couples. Europe but, in general, also countries that have always been considered highly fertile, such as Africa, are going through a phase of constant decline in fertility. The causes are multiple and seem to be attributable to nutrition, the increase in the female education level, the improved economic conditions…in short, it really seems that the structure of modern society does not play in favour of reproduction. In this context, apps have spread that are used to monitor female fertility in order to help concentrate intercourse in the fertile window or to avoid it if children are not desired. Even if it seems obvious, even the modern male has suffered a decrease in the fertility rate, therefore, if children are truly desired, both partners must verify their own fertility levels with appropriate analyses and must contact a doctor or clinic specialized. The use of an app, on the other hand, can be very useful once it has been established that both partners are fertile and want to start a family.
But let’s go in order
Fertility rates, or the number of children a woman has during her lifetime, can vary over time and can be influenced by a range of social, economic, and demographic factors. In general, fertility rates have been declining in many countries in recent decades, including Italy. According to data from Eurostat, the total fertility rate (TFR) in Italy was 1.35 in 2019, down from 1.57 in 1980. The TFR is the average number of children that a woman would have over the course of her lifetime if she were to experience the current age-specific fertility rates at each age of her reproductive life.
It is not uncommon for women in other European countries to have children later in life as well. The decision to start a family is a personal one and can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as education, career, and personal circumstances. However, the rate of childbirth among women over 40 does vary between countries. According to data from Eurostat, the percentage of first-time mothers over 40 in Italy (6.1%) was higher than the European Union average (2.8%) in 2013.
In this type of context, fertility apps offer a valid help to concentrate relationships in the fertile period in order to increase the chances of getting pregnant.
Some considerations…
There are a few considerations that women should be aware of when it comes to having children at an older age:
- Fertility: Fertility tends to decline with age, and women over 40 may have a more difficult time getting pregnant compared to younger women.
- Pregnancy risks: Pregnancy at an older age may be associated with an increased risk of complications such as gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, and preterm birth.
- Genetic testing: Women over 35 may be advised to undergo genetic testing to determine the risk of having a child with a chromosomal abnormality, such as Down syndrome.
But that said, it’s not my place to say at what age a woman should or shouldn’t have children. This article is for informational purposes only. The choice is up to the parental couple. I know both gorgeous older mothers and gorgeous young mothers.
Here are a few pros and cons of having children at an “older age”
I know that this is a very sensitive topic, so I have chosen to list not only the negative aspects but also the positive aspects of becoming mothers in old age. I know that it is a delicate choice and therefore the list is very partial. I repeat, it is a choice of the parental couple, the article has only an informative function and I hope it will be of support and help in your parenting journey.
Pros:
- Women may have more life experience and be more financially and emotionally stable when starting a family at an older age.
- Advances in reproductive technologies have made it possible for women to have children later in life.
- Women who have children at an older age may have more time to devote to parenting and may be able to provide a more relaxed and nurturing environment for their children.
Cons:
- Fertility tends to decline with age, and women over 40 may have a more difficult time getting pregnant compared to younger women.
- Pregnancy at an older age may be associated with an increased risk of complications such as gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, and preterm birth.
- Women over 35 may be advised to undergo genetic testing to determine the risk of having a child with a chromosomal abnormality, such as Down syndrome.
Available apps to check your fertility
And here we are, finally I list some apps to follow and monitor your cycle closely. Tell me which ones you think monitor your baby fever better!
Some of these apps use methods such as the basal body temperature method, the calendar method, and the cervical mucus method to help users predict their fertile days and plan for pregnancy or avoid pregnancy. Some examples of fertility tracking apps that are popular in Europe include:
- Ovia Fertility: tracks a user’s menstrual cycle, ovulation, and fertility to help them plan for pregnancy or avoid it.
- Flo: provides personalized predictions for a user’s menstrual cycle, ovulation, and fertility.
- Clue: allows users to track their menstrual cycle, ovulation, and fertility, as well as other health factors such as sleep, exercise, and mood.
These apps can be helpful in tracking and understanding fertility, but they should not be used as a replacement for medical advice. If you are trying to conceive or avoid pregnancy, speak with a healthcare provider for personalized guidance.
Here are a few articles that discuss fertility rates and trends
- “Global fertility rates are in freefall, and no one knows why” (National Geographic, 2020): https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/07/global-fertility-rates-are-in-freefall-and-no-one-knows-why/
- “Fertility rates continue to decline worldwide, new report shows” (World Health Organization, 2019): https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/21-06-2019-fertility-rates-continue-to-decline-worldwide-new-report-shows
- “Fertility rates decline in nearly all countries, especially in developing regions” (United Nations Population Division, 2019): https://www.un.org/development/desa/population/news/pressrelease/2019/09/fertility-rates-decline-in-nearly-all-countries-especially-in-developing-regions.html
- “Trends in fertility and childlessness in Europe” (Eurostat, 2018): https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Trends_in_fertility_and_childlessness_in_Europe
- “Fertility rates and trends” (Office for National Statistics, UK, 2018): https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/articles/fertilityratesandtrends/2018-03-08
Disclaimer
The information contained herein is not and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Before making any changes to your diet, exercise or treatment, always consult your doctor or a qualified health professional.
The guidance provided may not be appropriate for your specific situation. Never make any decisions about your health based solely on the information provided in this article.
The author and creator of this article are not responsible for any damage or loss resulting from the improper use of the information presented here. Remember that each person is unique and therefore needs a personalized approach to health.
If you have any concerns about your health, please consult a qualified medical professional.
First of all, let’s see what a stent is: coronary stents are medical devices that are used to treat narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. They are typically made of nitinol, a nickel‑titanium alloy, or other special alloys such as stainless steel (316L) and are designed to be placed inside the affected artery to help keep it open and improve blood flow to the heart. Stenting is a common procedure that is used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD), which is a leading cause of heart attacks.
The use of stents in clinical practice is now widespread, in several cases cardiovascular problems, which require the application of a stent, are discovered by chance during routine analysis and the application of a stent is practised in non-urgency contexts. The technique of applying a stent is well explained in many sites that are explicitly dedicated to this topic, in my case the article is of a general nature. My advice is to consult a specialist doctor, of course!
In this article I try to answer some of the main questions and concerns that many patients have when they have to undergo an operation of this type.
Fist of all, let’s say that modern stents are smaller, more flexible, and more biocompatible than ever before, which allows them to be used in a wider range of patients and to be more effective at improving blood flow to the heart. Some newer stents also have drug-eluting coatings that can help to prevent the re-narrowing of the artery after the stent is implanted.
In addition to traditional metal stents, there are also newer types of stents that are made from materials such as biodegradable polymers or absorbable metals. These types of stents are designed to dissolve or be absorbed by the body over time, which may reduce the risk of long-term complications such as stent restenosis (re-narrowing of the artery).
Overall, the state of the art in coronary stenting continues to evolve and improve, with new technologies and approaches being developed all the time.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
Let’s dive into a coronary stent surgery, also known as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery stenting.
PCI is used to treat narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. The goal of the surgery is to improve blood flow to the heart and reduce the risk of heart attacks or other complications of coronary artery disease (CAD).
During the procedure, a small incision is made in the patient’s skin, typically in the groin or wrist, and a thin tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery. The catheter is guided through the artery and into the affected coronary artery using x-ray imaging. Once the catheter is in place, a small wire mesh stent is expanded inside the artery to help keep it open and improve blood flow.
Coronary stent surgery is typically performed by a cardiologist and is usually done on an outpatient basis. It is a minimally invasive procedure that carries a low risk of complications and typically results in a faster recovery time than more traditional open-heart surgery.
How long does a coronary stent last?
This is a legitimate question!
Many patients have two main concerns: The first is that the stent moves! And it’s a real concern for heart surgeons too! After the operation, the patient undergoes a series of periodic checks in order to verify if the stent has remained in position! And the second concern is having to do the operation again. Unfortunately this option can also occur, perhaps not immediately but it is possible that the patient will have to undergo a second operation. Not in all cases the stent remains in position and for this reason accurate checks are needed.
The lifespan of a coronary stent can vary depending on several factors, including the type of stent that was used, the patient’s overall health, and the presence of any underlying medical conditions. In general, most coronary stents are designed to be permanent, meaning that they are intended to remain in place indefinitely.
Stents can sometimes become blocked again due to the re-narrowing of the artery, a condition known as restenosis. This can occur as a result of scar tissue formation, inflammation, or other factors. If restenosis occurs, it may be necessary to undergo additional treatment to address the issue.
In order to help ensure the long-term success of a coronary stent, it is important for patients to follow their doctor’s recommendations for medication and lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and following a healthy diet and exercise routine. These measures can help to reduce the risk of restenosis and other complications.
Do stents prevent heart attacks?
Coronary stents can be an effective treatment for reducing the risk of heart attacks in some individuals but it impossible to give a 100% yes answer to this question. Placing a stent inside the affected artery helps to improve blood flow to the heart and can reduce the risk of heart attacks or other complications of coronary artery disease (CAD).
Stenting is not a substitute for lifestyle changes!
Medication that may be recommended by a doctor to reduce the risk of heart attacks and lifestyle changes are crucial steps to improve the quality of your life after a stent implantation.Quitting smoking, following a healthy diet and exercise routine, and taking prescribed medications as directed, can help to further reduce the risk of heart attacks and other complications.
Is a stent or bypass better?
Both coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) and coronary stenting are commonly used treatments for coronary artery disease (CAD), which is a leading cause of heart attacks. The choice of treatment will depend on several factors, including the specific needs of the patient, the severity of the CAD, and the presence of any other underlying medical conditions.
Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as bypass surgery or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, is a more invasive procedure in which a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a bypass around the blocked or narrowed coronary artery. This can help to improve blood flow to the heart and reduce the risk of heart attacks. Bypass surgery is typically recommended for individuals with more severe CAD or who have multiple blocked arteries.
Coronary stenting, on the other hand, is a less invasive procedure in which a small wire mesh stent is placed inside the affected artery to help keep it open and improve blood flow. Stenting is usually recommended for individuals with less severe CAD or who have only one or two blocked arteries.
Ultimately, the decision of which treatment is best will depend on the specific needs of the patient and should be made in consultation with a doctor or other healthcare provider.
What are the disadvantages of stents?
While coronary stenting is a commonly used and generally safe treatment for narrowed or blocked coronary arteries, there are some potential disadvantages to consider. These may include:
- Stenting is not a permanent solution: While stents are generally effective at improving blood flow to the heart and reducing the risk of heart attacks or other complications, they are not a permanent solution. Stents can sometimes become blocked again due to the re-narrowing of the artery, a condition known as restenosis. If restenosis occurs, it may be necessary to undergo additional treatment to address the issue.
- Risk of complications: Like any medical procedure, there is a risk of complications with stenting, although the risk is generally low. Possible complications may include bleeding, infection, or damage to the artery or surrounding tissue.
- Limited options for certain individuals: In some cases, stenting may not be a suitable treatment option for certain individuals, such as those with very small or very large arteries, or those who have previously undergone stenting or bypass surgery. In these cases, alternative treatments may need to be considered.
How my life will be after a coronary stent implantation?
The impact of a coronary stent on a person’s quality of life will depend on several factors, including the patient’s overall health, the severity of their coronary artery disease (CAD), and the presence of any other underlying medical conditions. In general, however, most people who undergo coronary stenting experience significant improvements in their symptoms and overall quality of life after the procedure.
The goal of coronary stenting is to improve blood flow to the heart and reduce the risk of heart attacks or other complications of CAD. By successfully achieving this goal, most people experience a significant reduction in symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue, which can greatly improve their quality of life.
Parameters to consider before undergoing a stent implantation
Several blood parameters will be considered in the case of stent implantation, in order to have a clear image of the situation, let’s have a look at them:
- Haemoglobin: This is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body’s tissues. It is important to have sufficient levels of haemoglobin to ensure that the body’s tissues are getting enough oxygen.
- White blood cell count: This measures the number of white blood cells in the blood. White blood cells are important for fighting infection and inflammation.
- Platelet count: This measures the number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are responsible for helping the blood to clot and stop bleeding.
- Blood clotting time: This measures how long it takes for the blood to clot. It is important to ensure that the blood is clotting properly to prevent bleeding after the stent implantation.
- Blood pressure: High blood pressure can increase the risk of complications after stent implantation, so it is important to keep blood pressure under control.
- Kidney function: The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining overall health and it is important to ensure that they are functioning properly before undergoing a stent implantation.
- Cholesterol levels: High levels of cholesterol can increase the risk of complications after stent implantation, so it is important to keep cholesterol levels under control.
If you are concerned that your values may be out of range and that this could be a problem, here are some general pointers. Your doctor will then decide, of course! Here are the typical minimum and maximum values for the blood parameters that may be considered in the case of a stent implantation:
- Haemoglobin: The normal range for haemoglobin is generally considered to be between 13.5 and 17.5 grams per deciliter (g/dL) for men and 12.0 and 15.5 g/dL for women.
- White blood cell count: The normal range for white blood cell count is generally considered to be between 4,500 and 10,000 cells per microliter (cells/mcL).
- Platelet count: The normal range for platelet count is generally considered to be between 150,000 and 450,000 cells per microliter (cells/mcL).
- Blood clotting time: The normal range for blood clotting time is generally considered to be between 9 and 14 seconds.
- Blood pressure: The normal range for blood pressure is generally considered to be below 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
- Kidney function: The normal range for kidney function, as measured by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), is generally considered to be above 60 milliliters per minute (mL/min).
- Cholesterol levels: The normal range for cholesterol levels is generally considered to be below 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
These ranges may vary depending on the specific laboratory that is conducting the test and the specific method used to measure the parameter. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider for more specific information about what is considered normal for an individual.
Is my stent working properly?
The clinical success of a stent implantation is generally evaluated based on the ability of the stent to improve blood flow through a narrowed or blocked artery. This is typically assessed using various diagnostic tests, such as angiography or non-invasive imaging tests, to determine the degree of blood flow improvement after the stent is implanted.
Some common complications of stent implantation include bleeding, infection, and damage to the artery or surrounding tissue. It is always important to discuss the potential risks and benefits of stent implantation with a healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.
In general, stent implantation is considered to be a very effective treatment for improving blood flow in narrowed or blocked arteries.
Disclaimer
The information contained herein is not and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Before making any changes to your diet, exercise or treatment, always consult your doctor or a qualified health professional.
The guidance provided may not be appropriate for your specific situation. Never make any decisions about your health based solely on the information provided in this article.
The author and creator of this article are not responsible for any damage or loss resulting from the improper use of the information presented here. Remember that each person is unique and therefore needs a personalized approach to health.
If you have any concerns about your health, please consult a qualified medical professional.
